Información de National Geographic
La temperatura subió varios grados, los hielos desaparecían de Europa y el nivel de los océanos ascendió varios metros, lo que provocó una escasez de las presas habituales y llevó a los antiguos pobladores del sur de Francia a practicar el canibalismo para poder sobrevivir
el cambio climático que se produjo al final de la glaciación de Riis provocó cambios drásticos en la vida de las especies que habitaban el planeta. Uno de los ejemplos más dramáticos se produjo en la cueva de Moula-Guercy, al sur de Francia, donde el súbito calentamiento global obligó a un grupo de neandertales a recurrir al canibalismo para sobrevivir.
La penúltima era glacial del Pleistoceno había terminado hacía apenas diez milenios, los hielos se habían retirado de gran parte de Europa, la temperatura global había subido varios grados y el nivel de los océanos ascendió varios metros. La alteración de los ecosistemas provocó una redistribución geográfica de la flora y la fauna. Los grandes mamíferos emigraron buscando climas más fríos, lo que hizo que los grupos de neandertales, cazadores recolectores, se quedaran sin sus presas habituales y tuvieran que recurrir al canibalismo para no morir de hambre. Esta es la secuencia dramática que describe un estudio publicado en la revista Journal of Archaeological Science por los investigadores Alban Defleur, de la ENS de Lyon, y por Emmanue Desclaux, del Laboratorio departamental de Prehistoria del Lazaret, en Niza.
La cueva de Moula-Guercy es un yacimiento del Pleistoceno ocupado por los neandertales hace más de cien mil años. Su excavación se lleva a cabo desde 1991 y en ella se han encontrado restos de seis neandertales, vestigios de fauna contemporánea y herramientas líticas asociadas. Las evidencias de canibalismo entre los homínidos ya fueron puestas de manifiesto en un artículo de 1999 publicado por la revista Science. En él, sus autores –entre los que también se encontraba Alban Defleur– identificaron en los huesos de los homínidos cortes destinados a su despiece. Las incisiones «indican que los individuos fueron deshuesados y desarticulados» para aprovechar su carne y extraer la médula concluían en el texto.
Los «trastornos ambientales», sugieren Defleur y Desclaux en este nuevo artículo, provocaron «el agotamiento de presas al comienzo del Pleistoceno superior», lo que contribuyó al «aumento del comportamiento canibalístico en los neandertales». El rápido aumento de las temperaturas durante el último periodo interglaciar –que se alargó entre hace 128.000 y hace 114.000 años– provocó una redistribución de todos los seres vivos del continente europeo. Los investigadores hallaron restos de grandes mamíferos en las capas anteriores al periodo interglacial que fueron sustituidos por reptiles y roedores propios de climas más cálidos. Esto supuso un gran trastorno en la forma de vida de los neandertales de la zona, que veían desaparecer su principal fuente de alimento.
Según Defleur y Desclaux, el bosque templado es un hábitat en el que los grupos de cazadores recolectores, como eran los neandertales, tienen dificultades de adaptación. Los investigadores sugieren que el aumento de temperaturas registrado en la era interglaciar provocó los cambios en el entorno que acabarían modificando el comportamiento de los neandertales y explicarían el canibalismo como una práctica de supervivencia y no como un ritual religioso. El canibalismo ha sido documentado en homínidos en otras ocasiones a lo largo de Europa durante los últimos 100.000 años pero la cueva de Moulan-Guercy es el yacimiento en el que esta práctica está mejor documentado.
DEFINICIÓN
Para la RAE es una ‘pieza de pan abierta, o conjunto de dos rebanadas, en cuyo interior se coloca o se unta algún alimento’.
Para muchos mortales se trata de una manera muy sencilla de matar el hambre, y para otros, cada vez más, una deliciosa manera de comer o cenar de manera informal. Sencillamente es un refrigerio de trabajadores y estudiantes suelen tomar entre el desayuno y la comida, de calamares, de tortilla, de lomo con pimientos, etc.
El bocadillo español es un clásico de nuestra gastronomía y son muchos lugares a lo largo de la piel de toro donde pueden se pueden saborear de una y mil maneras.
El lugar donde nacemos condiciona el gusto.
El bocadillo te puede elevar a la estratosfera desde el primer mordisco hasta el último, un simple bocadillo también te puede llevar a lo más alto y además pueda servir, como comida completa, siempre te permitirá salir de un apuro y no tener que preparar una comida.
Un bocadillo abre un campo muy amplio a la creatividad.
El bocadillo e incluso el montadito, está de moda, es saludable si lo acompañas de ensalada, y comer entre panes no es nada perezoso podemos hacerlos muy gourmet entre dos panes pueden surgir verdaderas maravillas culinarias.
El bocadillo debería considerarse por necesidad vital, por su valor cultural dentro de la gastronomía mediterránea, patrimonio inmaterial de la humanidad.
Es algo humilde , que nació de forma anónima, cuando contra una piedra caliente se puso por primera vez una masa de harina o maíz con agua para dejar que se volviera crujiente y al mezclarla con otros elementos, se consigue placer gastronómico, consiguiendo que satisfaga tu apetito, saciando desde que se inventara en la antigua mesopotamia.
El bocadillo o sándwich es una comida un trozo de pan relleno que nos encontramos en cada rincón del mundo adoptando y adaptados a las costumbres, gustos y productos.
Cada país tiene un sandwich o bocadillo propio y aquí encontrarás los más importantes que puedes encontrar en el mundo .
UN POCO DE HISTORIA
El bocadillo , el montadito, las tortillas de maíz, hasta en äfrica donde surge la civilización ya teníamos seudo-bocadillos , los encontramos en Asia y en la India, y nos encontramos documentos escritos para elaborar comidas como Dürüm, Nan-i-Afghani, Khubz, pita, Bánh mì, kai-jiaw y otros panes que rellenaban de carne y otros alimentos como se hace por ejemplo en los kebabs y burritos .Fuente: Wikipedia
Por abundar en el tema, en círculos judíos se sostiene que Hillel el viejo fue el primer nombre propio al que se le conoce haber inventado un bocadillo. Lo hizo hace tiempo: justito antes del nacimiento de Cristo. Parece ser que el venerable rabino ponía entre dos matzohs (pan ácimo judío) una mezcla de manzanas, nueces picadas, especias y vino. Así este bocadillo aparentemente vegano y espiritual se degusta en la fiesta tradicional del Sedel.
En el siglo XVII , el conde Sandwich, para no perder tiempo en comer pidió que le pusieran la comida entre dos trozos de pan mientra seguía jugando a las cartas
EL PAN
El pan, es donde pondremos el relleno más exquisito y es al menos el 50% del éxito de un bocadillo, es la estructura, dará delicadeza, el punto crujiente, la que sujetará el contenido, así que tenemos que tener claro lo que sujetará y el tamaño,
Puede ser un pan con sabor, con semillas, integral ya que ahora nos encontramos en el mercado una gran infinidad de variaciones, que nos darán posibilidades infinitas, para ser muy creativos ya que cualquier tipo de pan es válido desde un pan de pita a un pan negro o de centeno, con frutos o frutas secas, con queso, con verduras, de masa madre, etc.,siempre podremos encontrar un pan para cada relleno.
EL RELLENO
Podemos utilizar infinidad de rellenos y nunca habrá dos bocadillos iguales:
Empieza con esta tabla a confeccionar tu bocadillo preferido
DANDO LA VUELTA AL MUNDO COMIENDO BOCADILLOS
EUROPA
ASIA
AMÉRICA
ÁFRICA y OCEANÍA (en construcción )
sándwich Vegemite (Australia)
OBJETIVOS:
INGREDIENTES (4pax) Para el falso capuchino (1)
INGREDIENTES Para la espuma de pan (2)
DECORACIÓN (3)
INGREDIENTES
INGREDIENTES
ELABORACIÓN
Juntar todos los ingredientes
Hornear a 200ºC durante 8 minutos
Jasonjueves a las 17:55Seguir
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5 February 2018
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YOU ACKNOWLEDGE AND AGREE THAT SCRIBD HAS OFFERED ITS PRODUCTS AND SERVICES, SET ITS PRICES, AND ENTERED INTO THESE TERMS IN RELIANCE UPON THE WARRANTY DISCLAIMERS AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SET FORTH HEREIN, THAT THE WARRANTY DISCLAIMERS AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SET FORTH HEREIN REFLECT A REASONABLE AND FAIR ALLOCATION OF RISK BETWEEN YOU AND SCRIBD, AND THAT THE WARRANTY DISCLAIMERS AND THE LIMITATIONS OF LIABILITY SET FORTH HEREIN FORM AN ESSENTIAL BASIS OF THE BARGAIN BETWEEN YOU AND SCRIBD. SCRIBD WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO PROVIDE THE SCRIBD PLATFORM TO YOU ON AN ECONOMICALLY REASONABLE BASIS WITHOUT THESE LIMITATIONS.
16.5 Limitations by Applicable Law.
CERTAIN JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW LIMITATIONS ON IMPLIED WARRANTIES OR THE EXCLUSION OR LIMITATION OF CERTAIN DAMAGES. IF YOU RESIDE IN SUCH A JURISDICTION, SOME OR ALL OF THE ABOVE DISCLAIMERS, EXCLUSIONS, OR LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU, AND YOU MAY HAVE ADDITIONAL RIGHTS. THE LIMITATIONS OR EXCLUSIONS OF WARRANTIES, REMEDIES OR LIABILITY CONTAINED IN THESE TERMS APPLY TO YOU TO THE FULLEST EXTENT SUCH LIMITATIONS OR EXCLUSIONS ARE PERMITTED UNDER THE LAWS OF THE JURISDICTION WHERE YOU ARE LOCATED.
17. Dispute Resolution.
17.1 Governing Law.
These Terms will be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of California, without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of law.
17.2 Agreement to Arbitrate.
You and Scribd agree that any dispute, claim or controversy arising out of or relating to these Terms or the breach, termination, enforcement, interpretation or validity thereof or the use of the Scribd Platform or content available on the Scribd Platform (collectively, “Disputes”) will be settled by binding arbitration, except that each party retains the right: (i) to bring an individual action in small claims court and (ii) to seek injunctive or other equitable relief in a court of competent jurisdiction to prevent the actual or threatened infringement, misappropriation or violation of a party’s copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, patents or other intellectual property rights (the action described in the foregoing clause (ii), an “IP Protection Action”). Without limiting the preceding sentence, You will also have the right to litigate any other Dispute if You provide Scribd with written notice of Your desire to do so by email or regular mail at Scribd, Inc., 333 Bush St. Suite 2400, San Francisco, 94104 within thirty (30) days following the date You first agree to these Terms (such notice, an “Arbitration Opt-out Notice”). If You don’t provide Scribd with an Arbitration Opt-out Notice within the thirty (30) day period, You will be deemed to have knowingly and intentionally waived Your right to litigate any Dispute except as expressly set forth in clauses (i) and (ii) above. The exclusive jurisdiction and venue of any IP Protection Action or, if You timely provide Scribd with an Arbitration Opt-out Notice, will be the state and federal courts located in the Northern District of California and each of the parties hereto waives any objection to jurisdiction and venue in such courts.
17.3 Class and Representative Action Waiver.
Unless You timely provide Scribd with an Arbitration Opt-out Notice, You acknowledge and agree that You and Scribd are each waiving the right to a trial by jury or to participate as a plaintiff or class member in any purported class action or representative proceeding. Further, unless both You and Scribd otherwise agree in writing, the arbitrator may not consolidate more than one person’s claims, and may not otherwise preside over any form of any class or representative proceeding. If this specific paragraph is held unenforceable, then the entirety of this “Dispute Resolution” section will be deemed void. Except as provided in the preceding sentence, this “Dispute Resolution” section will survive any termination of these Terms.
17.4 Arbitration Rules.
The arbitration will be administered by the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules and the Supplementary Procedures for Consumer Related Disputes (the “AAA Rules”) then in effect, except as modified by this “Dispute Resolution” section. (The AAA Rules are available at www.adr.org/arb_med or by calling the AAA at 1-800-778-7879.) The Federal Arbitration Act will govern the interpretation and enforcement of this Section.
17.5 Arbitration Process.
A party who desires to initiate arbitration must provide the other party with a written Demand for Arbitration as specified in the AAA Rules. (The AAA provides a general Demand for Arbitration and a separate Demand for Arbitration for California residents.) The arbitrator will be either a retired judge or an attorney licensed to practice law and will be selected by the parties from the AAA’s roster of arbitrators. If the parties are unable to agree upon an arbitrator within seven (7) days of delivery of the Demand for Arbitration, then the AAA will appoint the arbitrator in accordance with the AAA Rules.
17.6 Arbitration Location and Procedure.
Unless You and Scribd otherwise agree, the arbitration will be conducted in the county where You reside. If Your claim does not exceed $10,000, then the arbitration will be conducted solely on the basis of the documents that You and Scribd submit to the arbitrator, unless You request a hearing or the arbitrator determines that a hearing is necessary. If Your claim exceeds $10,000, Your right to a hearing will be determined by the AAA Rules. Subject to the AAA Rules, the arbitrator will have the discretion to direct a reasonable exchange of information by the parties, consistent with the expedited nature of the arbitration.
17.8 Arbitrator’s Decision.
The arbitrator will render an award within the time frame specified in the AAA Rules. The arbitrator’s decision will include the essential findings and conclusions upon which the arbitrator based the award. Judgment on the arbitration award may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. The arbitrator’s award of damages must be consistent with the terms of the “Limitation of Liability” section above as to the types and amounts of damages for which a party may be held liable. If You prevail in arbitration You will be entitled to an award of attorneys’ fees and expenses, to the extent provided under applicable law. Scribd will not seek, and hereby waives all rights it may have under applicable law to recover, attorneys’ fees and expenses if it prevails in arbitration.
17.9 Fees.
Your responsibility to pay any AAA filing, administrative and arbitrator fees will be solely as set forth in the AAA Rules. However, if Your claim for damages does not exceed $75,000, Scribd will pay all such fees unless the arbitrator finds that either the substance of Your claim or the relief sought in Your Demand for Arbitration was frivolous or was brought for an improper purpose (as measured by the standards set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 11(b)).
17.8 Changes.
Notwithstanding the provisions of the “Modification of these Terms” section above, if Scribd changes this “Dispute Resolution” section after the date You first accepted these Terms (or accepted any subsequent changes to these Terms), You may reject any such change by sending us written notice (including by email to support@scribd.com) within 30 days of the date such change became effective, as indicated in the “Last Updated” date above or in the date of Scribd’s email to You notifying You of such change. By rejecting any change, You are agreeing that You will arbitrate any Dispute between You and Scribd in accordance with the provisions of this “Dispute Resolution” section as of the date You first accepted these Terms (or accepted any subsequent changes to these Terms).
18. Miscellaneous.
18.1 Notice.
Scribd may provide You with notices, including those regarding changes to Scribd’s terms and conditions, by email, regular mail, or postings on the Scribd Platform. Notice will be deemed given twenty-four hours after email is sent, unless Scribd is notified that the email address is invalid. Alternatively, we may give You legal notice by mail to a postal address, if provided by You through the Scribd Platform. In such case, notice will be deemed given three days after the date of mailing. Notice posted on the Scribd Platform is deemed given ten days following the initial posting.
18.2 Waiver.
The failure of Scribd to exercise or enforce any right or provision of these Terms will not constitute a waiver of such right or provision. Any waiver of any provision of these Terms will be effective only if in writing and signed by Scribd.
18.3 Severability.
If any provision of these Terms or any Guidelines is held to be unlawful, void, or for any reason unenforceable, then that provision will be limited or eliminated from these Terms to the minimum extent necessary and will not affect the validity and enforceability of any remaining provisions.
18.4 Assignment.
These Terms and related Guidelines, and any rights and licenses granted hereunder, may not be transferred or assigned by You, but may be assigned by Scribd without restriction. Any assignment attempted to be made in violation of these Terms shall be void.
18.5 Survival.
Upon termination of these Terms, any provision which, by its nature or express terms should survive, will survive such termination or expiration, including, but not limited to, sections 6-18.
18.6 Headings.
The heading references herein are for convenience purposes only, do not constitute a part of these Terms, and will not be deemed to limit or affect any of the provisions hereof.
18.7 Entire Agreement.
These Terms (including all Guidelines and terms incorporated herein) and the Paid Access EULA as applicable, are the entire agreement between You and Scribd relating to the subject matter herein and will not be modified except in writing, signed by both parties, or by a change to these Terms or Guidelines made by Scribd as set forth in section 5 above.
18.8 Claims.
YOU AND SCRIBD AGREE THAT ANY CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE SCRIBD PLATFORM MUST COMMENCE WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION ACCRUES. OTHERWISE, SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION IS PERMANENTLY BARRED.
18.9 Disclosures.
The services are offered by Scribd Inc., located at: Scribd.com, 333 Bush Street, Suite 2400, San Francisco, CA 94104, and email: support@scribd.com. If You are a California resident, You may have this same information emailed to You by sending a letter to the foregoing address with Your email address and a request for this information.
19. Gift Memberships.
Please refer to the Scribd Gift Membership Terms and Conditions.¿Fue útil este artículo? Usuarios a los que les pareció útil: 1147 de 1247
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